Markdown
1
Fragments
By Anaxagoras of Clazomenae
Edited and Translated by Arthur Fairbanks
DK 59 B1
=
Simplicius. Physique. 155, 23
All things were together, infinite both in number and in smallness; for the small too was infinite.
And, when all things were toget
her, none of them could be distinguished for their smallness. For
air and aether prevailed over all things, being both of them infinite; for amongst all things these
are the greatest both in quantity and size.
DK 59 B2
=
Simplicius. Physique. 155, 30
2.
For air and aether are separated off from the mass that surrounds the world, and the
surrounding mass is infinite in quantity.
DK 59 B3
= Simplicius. Physique. 164, 16
Nor is there a least of what is small, but there is always a smaller; for it cannot
be that what is
should cease to be by being cut. But there is also always something greater than what is great,
and it is equal to the small in amount, and, compared with itself, each thing is both great and
small.
DK 59 B4
=
Simplicius. Physique. 34,
28 ; 156, 1 ; 34, 21 ; 157, 9
And since these things are so, we must suppose that there are contained many things and of all
sorts in the things that are uniting, seeds of all things, with all sorts of shapes and colors and
savors (R. P.
ib
.), and that me
n have been formed in them, and the other animals that have life,
and that these men have inhabited cities and cultivated fields as with us; and that they have a sun
and a moon and the rest as with us; and that their earth brings forth for them many things
of all
kinds of which they gather the best together into their dwellings, and use them (R. P. 160 b).
Thus much have I said with regard to separating off, to show that it will not be only with us that
things are separated off, but elsewhere too.
But befor
e, they were separated off, when all things were together, not even was any color
distinguishable: for the mixture of all things prevented it
of the moist and the dry, and the
warm and the cold, and the light and the dark, and of much earth that was in
it, and of a
multitude of innumerable seeds in no way like each other. For none of the other things either is
like any other. And these things being so, we must hold that all things are in the whole.
DK 59 B5
2
= Simplicius. Physique. 156, 9
And those t
hings having been thus decided, we must know that all of them are neither more nor
less; for it is not possible for them to be more than all, and all are always equal.
DK 59 B6
=
Simplicius. Physique. 164, 25
And since the portions of the great and
of the small are equal in amount, for this reason, too, all
things will be in everything; nor is it possible for them to be apart, but all things have a portion
of everything. Since it is impossible for there to be a least thing, they cannot be separated,
nor
come to be by themselves; but they must be now, just as they were in the beginning, all together.
And in all things many things are contained, and an equal number both in the greater and in the
smaller of the things that are separated off.
DK 59 B7
=
Simplicius. De caelo 608, 23
So that we cannot know the number of the things that are separated off, either in word or deed.
DK 59 B8
=
Simplicius. Physique. 175, 11 ; 176, 28
The things that are in one world are not divided nor cut off from one a
nother with a hatchet,
neither the warm from the cold nor the cold from the warm.
DK 59 B9
=
Simplicius. Physique. 35, 13
… as these things revolve and are separated off by the force and swiftness. And the swiftness
makes the force. Their swiftness
is not like the swiftness of any of the things that are now among
men, but in every way many times as swift.
DK 59 B10
=
Shol.In Gregor. XXXVI, 911
How can hair come from what is not hair, or flesh from what is not flesh?
DK 59 B11
=
Simplicius. Phy
sique. 164,22
In everything there is a portion of everything except Nous, and there are some things in which
there is Nous also.
DK 59 B12
3
Simplicius. Physique. 164,24 ; 156,13 ; Vgl.16,32.
All other things partake in a portion of everything, while
Nous is infinite and self
ruled, and is
mixed with nothing, but is alone, itself by itself. For if it were not by itself, but were mixed with
anything else, it would partake in all things if it were mixed with any; for in everything there is a
portion of e
verything, as has been said by me in what goes before, and the things mixed with it
would hinder it, so that it would have power over nothing in the same way that it has now being
alone by itself. For it is the thinnest of all things and the purest, and it
has all knowledge about
everything and the greatest strength; and Nous has power over all things, both greater and
smaller, that have life. And Nous had power over the whole revolution, so that it began to
revolve in the beginning. And it began to revolve
first from a small beginning; but the revolution
now extends over a larger space, and will extend over a larger still. And all the things that are
mingled together and separated off and distinguished are all known by Nous. And Nous set in
order all things
that were to be, and all things that were and are not now and that are, and this
revolution in which now revolve the stars and the sun and the moon, and the air and the aether
that are separated off. And this revolution caused the separating off, and the
rare is separated off
from the dense, the warm from the cold, the light from the dark, and the dry from the moist. And
there are many portions in many things. But no thing is altogether separated off nor distinguished
from anything else except Nous. And al
l Nous is alike, both the greater and the smaller; while
nothing else is like anything else, but each single thing is and was most manifestly those things
of which it has most in it.
DK 59 B13
= Simplicius. Physique 300,27 ; Aristote Physique B2.
And wh
en Nous began to move things, separating off took place from all that was moved, and
so much as Nous set in motion was all separated. And as things were set in motion and separated,
the revolution caused them to be separated much more.
DK 59 B14
= Simplic
ius. Physique 167,5.
And Nous, which ever is, is certainly there, where everything else is, in the surrounding mass,
and in what has been united with it and separated off from it.
DK 59 B15
=
Simplicius. Physique 179,3
The dense and the moist and the c
old and the dark came together where the earth is now, while
the rare and the warm and the dry (and the bright) went out towards the further part of the aether.
4
DK 59 B16
= Simplicius Physique 179,6.
From these as they are separated off earth is solid
ified for from mists water is separated off, and
from water earth. From the earth stones are solidified by the cold, and these rush outwards more
than water.
DK 59 B17
=
Simplicius. Physique. 163,18.
The Hellenes follow a wrong usage in speaking of com
ing into being and passing away; for
nothing comes into being or passes away, but there is mingling and separation of things that are.
So they would be right to call coming into being mixture, and passing away separation.
DK 59 B18
= Plutarch
de fac. in o
rb. lun
16,929b
It is the sun that puts brightness into the moon.
DK 59 B19
= Schol. Hom. BT
in Iliadem
17, 547
We call rainbow the reflection of the sun in the clouds. Now it is a sign of storm; for the water
that flows round the cloud causes wind or
pours down in rain.
DK 59 B20
= Galen,
in Hippoer, de aëre aqu. loc.
VI 202
(arguably spurious)
With the rise of the Dogstar (?) men begin the harvest; with its setting they begin to till the fields.
It is hidden for forty days and nights.
DK 59 B2
1
= Sextus
adv. math.
VII, 90
From the weakness of our senses we are not able to judge the truth.
DK 59 B21a
= Sextus
adv. math.
VII, 140
What appears is a vision of the unseen.
5
DK 59 B21b
= Plutarch
de fort
. 3, 98f
(We can make use of the lower
animals) because we use our own experience and memory and
wisdom and art.
DK 59 B22
= Athenaeus,
Deipnosophists
, II, 57d
What is called “birds’ milk” is the white of the egg.
6
Ancient Authors’ Commentaries on Anaxagoras
Literature:
Shaubach,
Anax. Cl
az. Frag.
Lips. 1827; W. Schorn,
Anax. Claz. et Diog. Apoll.
Frag.
Bonn 1829; Panzerbieter,
De frag. Anax. ord.
Meining. 1936; Fr. Breier,
Die
Philosophie des Anax. nach Arist.
Berl. 1840. Cf. Diels,
Hermes
xiii. 4.
PASSAGES FROM PLATO REFERRING TO ANAX
AGORAS
Plato
Apol
. 26d.
He asserts that I say the sun is a stone and the moon is earth. Do you think of accusing
Anaxagoras, Meletos, and have you so low an opinion of these men and think them so unskilled
in letters as not to know that the books of Anax
agoras of Klazomenae are full of these doctrines?
And forsooth the young men are learning these matters from me, which sometimes they can buy
from the orchestra for a drachma at the most, and laugh at Sokrates if he pretends that they are
his particularly
seeing they are so strange.
Plato
Phaedo
72c.
And if all things were composite and were not separated, speedily the statement of Anaxagoras
would become true, ‘All things were together.’
Plato
Phaedo
97b
c.
I heard a man reading from a book of one An
axagoras (he said), to the effect that it is mind
which arranges all things and is the cause of all things.
Plato
Phaedo
98b.
Reading the book, I see that the man does not make any use of mind, nor does he assign any
causes for the arrangement of things
, but he treats air and aether and water as causes, and many
other strange things.
Plato
Lysis
214b.
The writings of the wisest men say… that it is necessary for the like always to be loved by the
unlike.
Plato
Hipp. Mai.
283a.
For the earlier sophi
sts of the school of
Anaxagoras
must have been very ignorant to judge from
what is said, according to your
view.
They say you had an experience opposite to that of
Anaxagoras; for though he inherited much property he lost it all by his carelessness; so he
practised a senseless wisdom.
Plato
Kratyl
. 400a.
And do you not believe Anaxagoras that the nature of
all other things is mind, and that it is soul
which arranges and controls them? (cf.
Phaedo
72 c).
7
DK 59 A76 = Plato
Kratyl.
409a.
It looks as though the opinion Anaxagoras recently expressed was a more ancient matter, that the
moon has its light from
the sun.
DK 59 A55 = Plato
Kratyl.
413c.
Anaxagoras is right in saying that this is mind, for he says that mind exercising absolute power
and mingled with nothing disposes all things, running through all
Plato
Riva1
. 132a.
But the youths seemed to b
e quarrelling about Anaxagoras or Oenopedos, for they were
evidently drawing circles and imitating certain inclinations by the slope of their hands with great
earnestness.
Plato
Phil
. 28c.
All the wise men agree that mind is king of heaven and earth for
us.
Plato
Phil
. 30d.
Some long ago declared that always mind rules the all.
Plato
Legg.
967b.
And some had the daring to conjecture this very thing, saying that it is mind which disposes all
things in the heavens. And the same men again, being in er
ror as to the nature of soul, in that it is
older than bodies, while they regarded it as younger, to put it in a word, turned all things upside
down, and themselves most of all. For indeed all things before their eyes
the things moving in
the heavens
appea
red to them to be full of stones and earth and many other soulless bodies,
which dispose the causes of all the universe.
Plato
Phaedr
. 270a.
All the arts that are great require subtlety and the higher kind of philosophy of nature so such
loftiness and c
omplete effectiveness seem to come from this source. This Perikles acquired in
addition to being a man of genius; for as the result, I think, of his acquaintance with such a man
as Anaxagoras he became imbued with high philosophy, and arrived at the nature
of intelligence
[
nous
] and its opposite, concerning which Anaxagoras often discoursed, so that he brought to the
art of speaking what was advantageous to him.
PASSAGES IN ARISTOTLE REFERRING TO ANAXAGORAS
DK 59 A52 = Arist.
Phys
. i.4.187a20.
And other
s say that the opposites existing in the one are separated out of it, as Anaximandros
says, and as many as say that things are one and many, as Empedokles and Anaxagoras; for these
separate other things out of the mixture. . . And Anaxagoras seems to have
thought (the
elements) infinite because he assumed the common opinion of the physicists to be true, that
nothing arises out of non being; for this is why they say, as they do, that all things were together,
and he established the fact that such ‘arising’ w
as change of form.
8
Arist.
Phys
. i.4.187a36.
They thought that (what arose) arose necessarily out of things that are and their attributes, and,
because the masses were so small, out of what we cannot perceive. Wherefore they say that
everything was mixe
d in everything because they saw everything arising out of everything; and
different things appeared and were called different from each other according to what is present
in greater number in the mixture of the infinites; for the whole is not purely white
or black or
sweet or flesh or bone, but the nature of the thing seems to be that of which it has the most.
DK 59 A45 = Arist.
Phys
. iii.4.203a19.
And as many as make the elements infinite, as Anaxagoras and Demokritos, the former out of
homoeomeries. .
. .
DK 59 A50 = Arist.
Phys
. iii.5.205b1.
Anaxagoras speaks strangely about the permanence of the infinite; for he says that the infinite
itself establishes itself
that is, it is in itself; for nothing else surrounds it, so that wherever
anything may be,
it is there in virtue of its origin.
DK 59 A68 = Arist.
Phys
. iv.6.213a22.
Some who try to show that the void does not exist, do not prove this of what men are wont to call
a void, but they make the mistake Anaxagoras did and those who attempted to pro
ve it after this
manner. For they show that air is something, blowing skins up tight, and showing how strong air
is, and shutting it up in clepsydrae.
Arist.
Phys
. viii.1.250b24.
For Anaxagoras says that when all things were together and had been at res
t for an infinite time,
mind introduced motion and caused separation.
DK 59 A56 = Arist.
Phys.
viii.5.256b24.
So Anaxagoras is right in saying that mind is not affected by other things and is unmixed, since
he makes it the first principle of motion. For
thus only, being unmoved, it might move, and being
unmixed, it might rule.
Arist.
De caelo
i.3.270b24.
Anaxagoras does not use this word
aith
er
rightly, for he uses the word aether instead of fire.
Arist.
De caelo
iii. 2.301a12.
Anaxagoras starts to construct the universe out of non
moving bodies.
DK 59 A43 = Arist.
De caelo
iii.3.302a31.
Anaxagoras says the opposite to Empedokles, for he
calls the homoeomeries elements (I mean
such as flesh and bone and each of those things), and air and fire he calls mixtures of these and
of all the other ‘seeds;’ for each of these things is made of the invisible homoeomeries all heaped
together. Wherefo
re all things arise out of these things; for he calls fire and aether the same. And
since there is a peculiar motion of every material body, and some motions are simple and some
complex, and the complex motions are those of complex bodies and the simple mo
tions of
9
simple bodies, it is evident that there will be simple bodies. For there are also simple motions. So
it is evident what elements are, and why they are.
DK 59 A68 = Arist.
De caelo
iv.2.309a20.
Some of those who deny that there is a void say not
hing definite concerning lightness and
weight, for instance Anaxagoras and Empedokles.
DK 59 A52 = Arist.
Gen. corr
. i.1.314a11.
Others assert that matter more than one, as Empedokles and Leukippos and Anaxagoras, but
there is a difference between these.
And Anaxagoras even ignores his own word, for he says that
he has shown genesis and destruction to be the same as change, but like the others, he says there
are many elements. . . Anaxagoras et al. say there are an infinite number of elements. For he
regar
ds the homoeomeries as elements, such as bone and flesh and marrow, and other things of
which the part (
meros
) has the same name as the whole.
DK 59 A99 = Arist.
De anima
i.2.404a25.
In like manner Anaxagoras says that soul is the moving power, and if
any one else has said that
mind moved the all, no one said it absolutely as did Demokritos.
DK 59 A100 =
De anima
i.2.404b1.
Anaxagoras speaks less clearly about these things; for many times he rightly and truly says that
mind is the cause, while at ot
her times he says it is soul; for (he says) it is in all animals, both
great and small, both honoured and dishonoured. But it is not apparent that what is intelligently
called mind is present in all animals alike, nor even in all men.
DK 59 A100 = Arist.
De anima
i.2.405a13.
Anaxagoras seems to say that soul and mind are different, as we said before, but he treats both as
one in nature, except that he regards mind especially as the first principle of all things; for he
says that this alone of all things
is simple and unmixed and pure. And he assigns both to the same
first principle, both knowledge and motion, saying that mind moves the all.
DK 59 A100 = Arist.
De anima
i.19.405b19.
Anaxagoras alone says: that mind does not suffer change, and has nothing
in common with any
of the other things.
DK 59 A100 = Arist.
De anima
iii.4 .429a18.
It is necessary then that it be unmixed since it knows (
noei
) all things, as Anaxagoras says, in
order that it may rule, that is, that it may know (
gnorizei
).
DK 59 A10
2 = Arist.
De part
.
anim
. iv.10.687a7.
Anaxagoras says that man is the most intelligent of animals because he has hands.
DK 59 A117 = Arist.
De plant.
i.815a16.
Anaxagoras said that plants are animals and feel pleasure and pain, inferring this because
they
shed their leaves and let them grow again.
10
DK 59 A117 = Arist.
De plant
. i. 816b26.
Anaxagoras said that plants have these (motion and sensation) and breathing.
DK 59 A117 = Arist.
De plant
. i.817a26.
Anaxagoras said that their moisture is from
the earth, and on this account he said to Lechineos
that the earth is mother of plants, and the sun father.
Arist.
De X. Z. G.
ii.976b20.
Anaxagoras busying himself on this point, was satisfied with saying that the void does not exist,
nevertheless he
says beings move, though there is no void.
DK 59 A43 = Arist.
Meta
. i.3.984a11.
Anaxagoras of Klazomenae, who preceded him (Empedokles) in point of age and followed him
in his works, says that the first principles are infinite in number; for nearly all
things being made
up of like parts (homoeomeries), as for instance fire and water, he says arise and perish only by
composition and separation, and there is no other arising and perishing, but they abide eternal.
DK 59 A58 = Arist.
Meta.
i.3.984b8.
Besi
des these and similar causes, inasmuch as they are not such as to generate the nature of
things, they (again compelled, as we said, by the truth itself) sought the first principle which lay
nearest. For perhaps neither fire nor earth nor any other such thi
ng should fittingly be or be
thought a cause why some things exist and others arise; nor is it well to assign any such matter to
its voluntary motion or to chance. Moreover one who said that as mind exists in animals, so it
exists in nature as the cause of
the universe and of all order, appeared as a sober man in contrast
with those before who spoke rashly.
DK 57 A47 = Arist.
Meta.
i.4.985a18.
Anaxagoras uses mind as a device by which to construct the universe, and when he is at a loss
for the cause why
anything necessarily is, then he drags this in, but in other cases he assigns any
other cause rather than mind for what comes into being.
DK 59 A61 = Arist.
Meta
. i.8.989a30.
And if any one were to assume that Anaxagoras said the elements were two, he c
ertainly would
assume it according to a principle which that one did not describe distinctly; nevertheless he
would follow along a necessary path those who guided him. For though it is strange particularly
that he said all things had been mixed together at
first, and that they must first have existed
unmixed because they came together, and because chance had not in its nature to be mingled
with chance; and in addition to this it is strange that he should separate qualities and accidental
characteristics fro
m essences (for there is mixture and separation of these), nevertheless if any
one should follow him and try to put together what he wanted to say, perhaps he would seem to
speak in a very novel manner. For when nothing was separated, clearly it was not po
ssible to say
anything true of that essence, I mean to. say that anything was white or black or grey or any
other colour, but everything was necessarily colourless; for it might have any of these colours. In
like manner it is tasteless, nor according to th
e same line of argument could it have any other of
the like qualities; for it could not have any quality, or quantity, or anything. For then one of what
are sometimes called forms would exist for it, and this is impossible when all things are mixed
11
togethe
r; for it would have been already separated, and he says that all things are mixed together
except mind, and this alone is unmixed and pure. It results from these views that he says the first
principles are unity (for this is simple and unmixed), and what
is different from unity, such as we
suppose the undefined to be before it was defined and partook of any form. So he does not speak
rightly or clearly, still he means something like those who spoke later and with greater clearness.
DK 59 A 28 = Arist.
Me
ta.
iii.5.1009b25.
And he called to mind the saying of Anaxagoras that just such things as men assume will be real
for them.
Arist.
Meta
. iii.7.1012a26.
The thought of Anaxagoras that some things exist between contradictory propositions, so that all
th
ings are false; for when they are mixed together, the mixture is neither good nor not
good, so
that there is nothing true to be said.
Arist.
Meta
. x.6.1063b25.
According to the position of Herakleitos, or of Anaxagoras, it is not possible to speak the tr
uth.
DK 59 A 30 = Arist.
Ethic.
vi.5.1141b3.
Wherefore they say that Thales and Anaxagoras and such wise men are lacking in intelligence,
when they see them ignorant in things that are for their own advantage, and they say they know
things extraordinary
and wonderful and dreadful and divine, but these are of no use, because they
do not seek human good.
DK 59 A 30 = Arist.
Ethic.
x.9.1179a13.
And Anaxagoras did not seem to regard the rich man nor yet the powerful man as the happy one
when he said he wo
uld not be surprised if any one appeared strange to the many; for these judge
by what is outside, for that is all they can see.
PASSAGES IN THE DOXOGRAPHISTS REFERRING TO ANAXAGORAS
DK 59 A46 =Aet.
Plac
. i. 3,5 (D. 279).
Anaxagoras of Klazomenae dec
lared that homoeomeries are the first principles of things. For he
thought it most difficult to understand how anything should arise out of not
being, or perish into
not
being. Certainly we take simple food of one kind, such as the bread of Demeter, and we
drink water; and from this nourishment there are nurtured hair, veins, arteries, sinews, bones, and
the other parts. Since these arise we must acknowledge that in the nourishment that is taken are
present all realities, and from them everything will grow.
And in that nourishment there are parts
productive of blood and of sinews and bones and the rest; these are the parts that may be
discovered by contemplation. For it is not necessary to perceive everything by sense, how that
bread and water give rise to t
hese things, but the parts may be discovered in them by
contemplation. From the fact that parts exist in the nourishment like the things that are generated,
he called them homoeomeries, and declared that they are the first principles of things; and he
12
call
ed the homoeomeries matter, but the active cause that arranges all things is mind. And he
began thus: All things were together and mind arranged and disposed them. So we must assert
that he associated an artificer with matter.
DK 59 A48 = Aet.
Plac
. i. 7
,5 (D. 299). Anaxagoras says that bodies are established according to
first principles, and the mind of God arranged them and caused the generations of all things.
DK 59 A48 = Aet.
Plac
. i. 7 (D. 302).
The mind that made the universe is God.
DK 59 A 5
1 = Aet.
Plac
. i. 14,4 (D. 312).
Anaxagoras: The homoeomeries are of many shapes.
DK 59 A54 = Aet.
Plac
. i. 17,2 (D. 315).
Anaxagoras and Demokritos : The elements are mixed by juxtaposition.
Dk 59 A 66 = Aet.
Plac
. i. 29,7 (D. 326b 7n.)
Anaxagoras
and the Stoics: Cause is not evident to human reason; for some things happen by
necessity, and others by fate, and others by purpose, and others by chance, and others of their
own accord.
Aet.
Plac
. i. 30; 326.
Anaxagoras: Origination is at the same tim
e composition and separation, that is, genesis and
destruction.
DK 59 A 63 = Aet.
Plac.
ii. 1,2 (D. 327).
The universe is one.
DK 59 A 65 = Aet.
Plac
. ii. 4,6 (D. 331).
The universe is perishable.
DK 59 A 67 = Aet.
Plac
. ii. 8,1 (D. 337).
Diogenes
and Anaxagoras: After the universe arose and the animals were brought forth out of the
earth it tipped somehow of its own accord towards its south part, perhaps intentionally, in order
that some parts of the universe might be inhabited and others uninhabit
ed according as they are
cold, or hot, or temperate.
DK 59 A71 = Aet.
Plac
. ii. 13,3 (D. 341).
Anaxagoras: The surrounding aether is of a fiery nature, and catching up stones from the earth by
the power of its rotation and setting them on fire it has ma
de them into stars.
Aet.
Plac
. ii. 16; 345.
Anaxagoras et al.: All the stars move from east to west.
DK 59 A72 = Aet.
Plac
. ii. 21 (D. 351).
Anaxagoras: The sun is many times as large as the Peloponnesos.
13
DK 59 A72 = Aet.
Plac
. ii. 23 (D. 352).
An
axagoras: The solstices are due to a repulsion of the air towards the south, for the sun
compressed it and by condensation made it strong.
DK 59 A77 = Aet.
Plac
. ii. 25,9 (D. 356)
= Theophr.
Phys. op. Fr.
19; (D. 493).
Anaxagoras and Demokritos: The m
oon is a fiery solid body having in itself plains and
mountains and valleys.
DK 59 A77 = Aet.
Plac
. ii. 29,7 (D. 360) =
Anaxagoras, as Theophrastos says, attributed eclipses to bodies below the moon which
sometimes come in front of it.
DK 59 A77 = Aet.
Plac
. ii. 30,3 (D. 361).
Anaxagoras says that the unevenness of the composition (the surface of the moon) is due to the
mixture of earthy matter with cold, since the moon has some high places and some low hollows.
And the dark stuff is mingled with the f
iery, the result of which is the shadowy appearance;
whence it is called a false
shining star.
DK 59 A80 = Aet.
Plac
. iii. 1,5 (D. 365).
Anaxagoras: The shadow of the earth falls along this part of the heaven (the milky way), when
the sun is beneath the
earth and does not shed light on all things.
DK 59 A81 = Aet.
Plac
. iii. 2,2 (D. 366).
Anaxagoras and Demokritos: (Comets etc.) are due to the conjunction of two or more stars, and
the combination of their rays.
DK 59 A82 = Aet.
Plac
. iii. 2,9 (D. 36
7).
The so
called shooting stars come darting down from the aether like sparks, and so they are
immediately extinguished.
DK 59 A84 = Aet.
Plac
. iii. 3,4 (D. 368).
Anaxagoras: When the hot falls on the cold (that is, aether on air), it produces thunder
by the
noise it makes, and lightning by the colour on the black of the cloud, and the thunderbolt by the
mass and amount of the light, and the typhoon by the more material fire, and the fiery whirlwind
by the fire mixed with cloud.
DK 59 A85 = Aet.
Plac
. iii. 4,2 (D. 371).
Anaxagoras: Clouds and snow are formed in somewhat the same manner; and hail is formed
when, already cooled by its descent earthwards, it is thrust forth from frozen clouds; and it is
made round.
14
DK 59 A86 = Aet.
Plac
. iii. 5,11 (D
. 373).
Anaxagoras: (The rainbow) is a reflection of the sun’s brightness from thick cloud, and it is
always set opposite the star which gives rise to the reflection. And in a similar way he accounts
for the so
called parhelia, which take place along the
Pontos.
DK 59 A89 = Aet.
Plac
. iii. 15,4 (D. 379).
Anaxagoras: (Earthquakes take place) when the air falls on the thickness of the earth’s surface in
a sheltered place, and it shakes the surrounding medium and makes it tremble because it is
unable to ef
fect a separation.
DK 59 A90 = Aet.
Plac
. iii. 16,2 (D. 381).
Anaxagoras: When the moisture which was at first gathered in pools was burned all around by
the revolution of the sun, and the fresh water was evaporated into saltness and bitterness, the res
t
(of the sea) remained.
DK 59 A91 = Aet.
Plac.
iv. 1,3 (D. 385).
Anaxagoras: The Nile comes from the snow in Ethiopia which melts in summer and freezes in
winter.
DK 59 A93 = Aet.
Plac
. iv. 3,2 (D. 387).
Anaxagoras et al. : The soul is of the nature
of air.
DK 59 A93 = Aet.
Plac
. iv. 5,11 (D. 392).
The intelligence is gathered in the breast. The soul is imperishable.
DK 59 A96 = Aet.
Plac
. iv. 9,1 (D. 396).
Anaxagoras et al.: Sensations are deceptive.
DK 59 A94 = Aet.
Plac
. iv. 9,16 (D. 397).
Sensations arise part by part according to the symmetry of the pores, each particular object of
sense corresponding to a particular sense (organ).
DK 59 A106 = Aet.
Plac
. iv. 19 (D. 409).
Anaxagoras: Sound arises when wind falls on solid air, and by th
e return of the blow which is
dealt to the ear; so that what is called an echo takes place.
DK 59 A111 (=28A53) = Aet.
Plac
. v. 7,4 (D. 420).
Anaxagoras, Parmenides: Males are conceived when seed from the right side enters the right side
of the womb, or
seed from the left side the left side of the womb; but if its course is changed
females are born.
DK 59 A112 = Aet.
Plac
. v. 10,23 (D. 430).
As Anaxagoras and Euripides say : Nothing of what is born dies, but one thing separated from
one part and adde
d to another produces different forms.
15
DK 59 A101 = Aet.
Plac
. v. 20,3 (D. 432).
Anaxagoras : All animals have reason that shows itself in activity, but they do not have a sort of
intelligence that receives impressions, which may be called the interpre
ter of intelligence.
DK 59 A103 = Aet.
Plac
. v. 25,2 (D. 437).
Anaxagoras: Sleep is due to a weariness of the body’s energy; for it is an experience of the body,
not of the soul; and death is the separation of the soul from the body.
DK 59 A41 = Theop
hr.
Phys. opin.
Fr. 4 (D. 479).
Theophrastos says that the teaching of Anaxagoras is much like that of Anaximandros; for
Anaxagoras says that in the separation of the infinite, things that are akin come together, and
whatever gold there is in the all beco
mes gold, and whatever earth becomes earth, and in like
manner each of the other things, not as though they came into being, but as though they were
existing before. And Anaxagoras postulated intelligence (
noun
) as the cause of motion and of
coming in to b
eing, and when this caused separation worlds were produced and other objects
sprang forth. lie might seem, he says, to make the material causes of things taking place thus
infinite, but the cause of motion and of coming in to being one. But if one were to
assume that
the mixture of all things were one nature undefined in form and in amount, which he seems to
mean, it follows that he speaks of two first principles, the nature of the infinite and intelligence,
so that he appears to treat all the material elem
ents in much the same manner as Anaximandros.
Theophr.
Phys. opin. Fr.
23 (D. 495).
And the third opinion about the sea is that the water which filters and strains through the earth
becomes salt because the earth has in it; and they point out as a proof
of this that salt and
saltpetre are dug up out of the earth, and there are bitter flavours at many places in the
Anaxagoras and Metrodoros came to be of this opinion.
DK
59 A92 = Theophr.
de sens
. 27 (Dox. 507).
(27) Anaxagoras
held that sensation take
s place by opposite qualities; for like is not affected by
like. And he attempts to enumerate things one by one. For seeing is a reflection in the pupil, and
objects are not reflected in the like, but in the opposite. And for many creatures there is a
diff
erence of colour in the daytime, and for others at night, so that at that time they are
sharpsighted. But in general the night is more of the same colour as the eyes. And the reflection
takes place in the daytime, since light is the cause of reflection ; b
ut that colour which prevails
the more is reflected in its opposite.
(28) In
the same manner both touch and taste discern; for what is equally warm or equally cold
does not produce warm or cold when it approaches its like, nor yet do men recognise sweet or
bitter by these qualities in themselves, but they perceive the cold by the warm, the drinkable
water by the salt, the sweet by the bitter, according as each quality is absent ; for all things are
existing in us. So also smell and hearing take place, the o
ne in connection with breathing, the
other by the penetration of sound into the brain; for the surrounding bone against which the
sound strikes is hollow.
(29) And
every sensation is attended with pain, which would seem to follow from the
fundamental thes
is; for every unlike thing by touching produces distress. And this is evident both
in the duration and in the excessive intensity of the sensations. For both bright colours and very
loud sounds occasion pain, and men are not able to bear them for any long
time. And the larger
16
animals have the more acute sensations, for sensation is simply a matter of size. For animals that
have large, pure, and bright eyes see large things afar off, but of those that have small eyes the
opposite is true. And the same holds
true of hearing.
(30)For
large ears hear large sounds afar off, smaller ones escape their notice, and small ears
hear small sounds near at hand. And the same is true of smell; for the thin air has the stronger
odour, since warm and rarefied air has an odo
ur. And when a large animal breathes, it draws in
the thick with the rarefied, but the small animal only the rarefied, so that large animals have a
better sense of smell. For an odour near at hand is stronger than one far off, because that is
thicker, and
what is scattered is weakened. It comes about to this, large animals do not perceive
the thin air, and small animals do not perceive the thick air.
DK 59 A48 =
Cic. de Nat. Deor.
i. 11,26 (D. 532).
Whence Anaxagoras, who was a pupil of Anaximenes, first
taught that the separation and
character of all things were determined and arranged by the power and reason of infinite mind;
but in this he fails to see that no motion can be connected with and contiguous to inflinite
sensation, and that no sensation at
all can exist, by which nature as a whole can feel a shock.
Wherefore if he meant that mind is as it were sonic sort of living being, there will be something
inside of it from which that living being is determined. But what could be inside of mind? So the
living being would be joined with an external body. But since this is not satisfactory, and mind is
‘open and simple,’ joined with nothing by means of which it can feel, he seems to go beyond the
scope of our intelligence.
DK 59 A42 =
Hipp. Phil
. 8 (D. 5
61).
(1) After
him came Anaxagoras of Klazomenae, son of Hegesiboulos. He said that the first
principle of the all is mind and matter, mind the active first principle, and matter the passive. For
when all things were together, mind entered and disposed th
em. The material first principles are
infinite, and the smaller ones of these he calls infinite.
(2) And
all things partake of motion when they are moved by mind and like things come
together. And objects in the heavens have been ordered by their circular
motion. The dense and
the moist and the dark and the cold and all heavy things come together into the midst, and the
earth consists of these when they are solidified; but the opposite to these, the warm, the bright,
the dry, and the light move out beyond
the aether.
(3) The
earth is flat in form, and keeps its place in the heavens because of its size and because
there is no void; and on this account the air by its strength holds up the earth, which rides on the
air.
(4) And
the sea arose from the moistur
e on the earth, both of the waters which have fallen after
being evaporated, and of the rivers that flow down into it.
(5) And
the rivers get their substance from the clouds and from the waters that are in the earth.
For the earth is hollow and has water i
n the hollow places. And the Nile increases in summer
because waters flow down into it from snows at the north.
(6) Sun
and moon and all the stars are fiery stones that are borne about by the revolution of the
aether. And sun and moon and certain other bod
ies moving with them, but invisible to us, are
below the stars.
17
(7) Men
do not feel the warmth of the stars, because they are so far away from the earth; and
they are not warm in the way that the sun is, because they are in a colder region. The moon is
b
elow the sun and nearer us.
(8) The
sun is larger than the Peloponnesos. The moon does not have its own light, but light from
the sun. The revolution of the stars takes them beneath the earth.
(9) The
moon is eclipsed when the earth goes in front of it,
and sometimes when the bodies
beneath the moon go in front of it; and the sun is eclipsed when the new moon goes in front of it.
And the solstices are occasioned because the sun and the moon are thrust aside by the air. And
the moon changes its course freq
uently because it is not able to master the cold.
(10)
He first determined the matter of the moon’s phases. He said the moon is made of earth and
has plains and valleys in it. The milky way is a reflection of the light of the stars which do not
get their l
ight from the sun. The stars which move across the heavens, darting down like sparks,
are due to the motion of the sphere.
(11) And
winds arise when the air is rarefied by the sun, and when objects are set on fire and
moving towards the sphere are borne a
way. Thunders and lightnings arise from heat striking the
clouds.
(12) Earthquakes
arise from the air above striking that which is beneath the earth; for when this
is set in motion, the earth which rides on it is tossed about by it. And animals arose in t
he first
place from moisture, and afterwards one from another; and males arise when the seed that is
separated from the right side becomes attached to the right side of the womb, and females when
the opposite is the case.
(13)
He was in his prime in the fi
rst year of the eighty
eighth Olympiad, at the time when it is
said Plato was born. They say that he became endowed with knowledge of the future.
Herm.
I. G. P.6 (D. 652).
Anaxagoras takes me aside and instructs me as follows:
Å’
Mind is the first princi
ple of all things,
and it is the cause and master of all, and it provides arrangement for what is disarranged, and
separation for what has been mixed, and an orderly universe for what was disorderly.
