Anabolic steroids are synthetically produced substances designed to mimic the effects of the male hormone testosterone. The process of producing anabolic steroids involves several key steps, typically starting with the manipulation of a cholesterol-based molecule. These synthetic versions are created in laboratories using chemical reactions that modify the molecular structure of natural steroids.

The production process involves esterification, where the steroid structure is chemically altered to prolong its effects in the body. For example, testosterone esters are formed by adding ester groups to the testosterone molecule, which makes them more lipophilic (fat-soluble). This allows for slower release from an injection site, extending the hormone’s presence and effects in the body. Common anabolic steroids like nandrolone or oxandrolone are derivatives of testosterone that have been modified to enhance muscle-building properties while attempting to reduce androgenic effects (such as promoting male secondary sexual characteristics)  .

Anabolic steroids can be administered either orally or through intramuscular injections, with injected steroids being dissolved in oils for slow release. The desired outcome is increased muscle mass, faster recovery, and reduced body fat, which is why they are often abused in the bodybuilding and athletic communities  .

While they are effective in stimulating muscle growth, they come with significant health risks, including liver damage, cardiovascular issues, hormonal imbalances, and more . These risks have led to the controlled and illegal status of non-medical use of anabolic steroids in many countries.